An aortic dissection is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition where the inner layer of the aorta—the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body—tears. Blood surges through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to separate (dissect). If the blood-filled channel ruptures through the outer layer, it can be fatal.
🚨 Why It’s a Medical Emergency
Aortic dissection requires immediate medical attention. The condition can lead to:
- Severe internal bleeding
- Organ damage due to disrupted blood flow
- Stroke or heart failure
- Sudden death if the aorta ruptures
🧠 Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of aortic dissection:
- High blood pressure (most common cause)
- Connective tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos)
- Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
- Trauma to the chest
- Congenital heart defects
- Family history of aortic disease
- Cocaine or stimulant use
⚠️ Symptoms to Watch For
Symptoms often come on suddenly and may include:
- Sharp, tearing chest or back pain
- Shortness of breath
- Fainting or dizziness
- Weak pulse in one arm or leg
- Difficulty speaking or vision changes (if blood flow to the brain is affected)
🩺 Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis typically involves:
- CT scan, MRI, or transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
- Blood pressure monitoring
- Physical exam and symptom review
Treatment options depend on the type and severity:
- Type A dissection (involving the ascending aorta): usually requires emergency surgery
- Type B dissection (involving the descending aorta): may be managed with medications to lower blood pressure and heart rate, or surgery if complications arise
❤️ Living After an Aortic Dissection
Recovery involves:
- Lifelong blood pressure control
- Regular imaging to monitor the aorta
- Lifestyle changes: heart-healthy diet, exercise, stress management
- Avoiding heavy lifting and stimulants
Bottom line: Aortic dissection is a critical condition that demands fast action and long-term care. If you or someone you know experiences sudden chest pain or other warning signs, seek emergency help immediately.